Human communication : motivation, knowledge, and skills / Sherwyn P. Morreale, Brian H. Spitzberg, J. Kevin Barge.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of Contents

Preface xiv
PART ONE Foundations of Communication 2 (156)
Introducing Communication 2 (24)
What Is Communication? 4 (3)
Messages 5 (1)
Media 6 (1)
Meaning 6 (1)
Managing 7 (1)
Models of Communication 7 (8)
Communication as Information Transfer 7 (2)
Communication as Sharing Meaning 9 (2)
Communication as Persuasion 11 (1)
Communication as Community 12 (3)
Assumptions about Communication 15 (6)
Communication Is a Process 15 (1)
Communication Creates Our Social Worlds 16 (1)
Communication Is Functional 16 (1)
Communication Is Limiting and Liberating 16 (1)
Communication Is Adaptive 17 (1)
Communication Is Holistic 17 (1)
Communication Is Ambiguous 18 (1)
Communication Is Crucial to a Quality 19 (1)
Life
Close-Up on Community: Integrating 20 (1)
Community Concerns with Your Experience
Communication and Competence 21 (1)
Chapter Summary 21 (1)
Study and Review 22 (4)
A Model of Communication Competence 26 (28)
How Competent Are You? 28 (1)
What Is Communication Competence? 29 (5)
Competence as an Impression 29 (2)
The Competence Grid 31 (1)
Ethics and Communication Competence 32 (1)
Close-Up on Ethics: The Ethics of 33 (1)
Interpersonal Communication
Basic Components of the Communication 34 (8)
Competence Model
Motivation 25 (12)
Knowledge 37 (1)
Skills 38 (1)
Context 38 (4)
The Process Model of Communication 42 (2)
Competence
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 42 (1)
Perception, Expectations, and 43 (1)
Impressions
The Competence Model in Action 43 (1)
Chapter Summary 44 (1)
Study and Review 45 (9)
Perception and Culture 54 (30)
What Is Perception? 56 (7)
Perception Means Noticing 56 (2)
Perception Means Organizing 58 (2)
Perception Means Interpretation 60 (3)
How Does Culture Affect Perception? 63 (2)
Culture and Beliefs, Attitudes, and 63 (1)
Values
Perceptions Vary by Culture 64 (1)
How Do We Develop Self-Concept? 65 (3)
Communication and Self 65 (1)
The Postmodern Self 66 (2)
Close-Up on Community: Managing 68 (1)
Multiple ``Me's'' in a Diverse Society
Expressing Self to Others 68 (4)
Self-Disclosure 69 (3)
Challenges to Perception and Self 72 (1)
Managing the Challenges to Perception and 73 (2)
Self
Using Multiple Perspectives to Create 73 (1)
Descriptions
Anticipate Consequences 73 (1)
Envision the Future 74 (1)
Chapter Summary 75 (1)
Study and Review 75 (9)
Language 84 (24)
What Is Language? 86 (4)
Language Is a System of Symbols 87 (2)
Language Is Guided by Rules 89 (1)
How Is Language Important? 90 (1)
Functions of Language 91 (7)
Language Makes Us Notice Things 91 (1)
Language Creates Opportunities and 92 (2)
Limitations
Language Facilitates Social Coordination 94 (1)
Close-Up on Diversity: Reducing Bias in 95 (3)
Language
Challenges to Competent Language Use 98 (1)
Strategies for Overcoming Challenges to 99 (4)
Language
Be Curious about the Meaning of Words 99 (1)
Anticipate Possible Interpretations 100(1)
before You Speak
Experiment with Possible Phrasings 101(2)
Chapter Summary 103(1)
Study and Review 103(5)
Nonverbal Communication 108(26)
Defining Nonverbal Communication 110(1)
Appreciating Nonverbal Communication 110(1)
Functions of Nonverbal Communication 111(3)
Substituting for and Repeating Words 112(1)
Complementing and Accenting Words 112(1)
Contradicting Words 112(1)
Regulating Interactions 113(1)
Defining Social and Emotional 113(1)
Relationships
Types of Nonverbal Messages 114(10)
Physical Appearance and First 114(1)
Impressions
Body Communication 114(4)
Touch 118(1)
Voice 119(1)
Time and Space 120(4)
Challenges to Nonverbal Communication 124(2)
Quantity, Constancy, and Awareness of 124(1)
Nonverbal Messages
Individual, Gender, and Cultural 124(1)
Differences
Close-Up on Gender: Female and Male 125(1)
Nonverbal Communication---Nature or
Nurture?
Overcoming Challenges to Nonverbal 126(1)
Communication
Chapter Summary 127(1)
Study and Review 127(7)
Listening 134(24)
What Is Listening? 137(1)
Types of Listening 138(4)
Listening to Learn and Comprehend 138(1)
Listening to Evaluate and Critique 139(2)
Listening to Empathize and Understand 141(1)
Integrating the Types of Listening 141(1)
Close-Up on Gender: Gender-Based 142(1)
Stereotypes and Expectations for
Listening
Challenges to Listening 142(4)
Physical Barriers 143(2)
Interaction Barriers 145(1)
Overcoming Challenges to Listening 146(5)
Receiving Competence 146(1)
Constructing Meaning Competence 147(1)
Responding Competence 148(3)
Chapter Summary 151(1)
Study and Review 152(4)
Listening Competence Skills Grid 156(2)
PART TWO Interpersonal Communication 158(54)
Interpersonal Competence: Building Knowledge 158(26)
How We Learn 161(1)
Content Knowledge: Knowing What to 162(6)
Communicate
Repertoires 163(2)
Scripts 165(3)
Rules 168(1)
Procedural Knowledge: Knowing How to 168(7)
Communicate
Planning 168(2)
Close-Up on Culture: Conversational 170(3)
Rules
Action Assembly 173(2)
Challenges to Competence in Relationships 175(2)
Empathy and Perspective Taking 175(1)
Knowledge-Gaining Strategies 176(1)
Chapter Summary 177(1)
Study and Review 177(7)
Interpersonal Competence: Developing Skills 184(28)
The Nature of Communication Skills 186(11)
Characteristics of Skills 186(3)
Types of Interpersonal Skills 189(5)
Close-Up on Conflict: Conflict, 194(3)
Assertiveness, and Competence
Challenges to Managing Interpersonal 197(4)
Skills
Habit and Routine 197(1)
Balancing Adaptability and Consistency 198(1)
Balancing the Amount of Skills 199(1)
Balancing Self-Interests and 200(1)
Other-Interests
Chapter Summary 201(1)
Study and Review 202(8)
Interpersonal Communication Competence 210(2)
Skills Grid
PART THREE Small Group Communication 212(62)
Small Groups and Decision Making: Building 212(32)
Knowledge and Skills
What Is a Small Group? 215(3)
Includes Three or More People 215(1)
Includes Shared Perception 215(1)
Emphasizes Interdependence 216(1)
Requires Communication 217(1)
Knowing How to Make Group Decisions 218(8)
Distinguishing between Problem Solving 218(1)
and Decision Making
Close-Up on Teams and Teamwork: Teams 219(2)
and Teamwork
Defining Group Decision-Making Tasks 221(1)
Communication and Group Decision Making 222(3)
Assessing the Quality of Decision Making 225(1)
Task Skills for Making Decisions 226(5)
Close-Up on Group Decision Making: When 227(1)
to Use Groups to Make Decisions
Defining the Problem 228(1)
Analyzing the Problem 229(1)
Identifying Criteria for Solving the 230(1)
Problem
Generating Solutions or Alternatives 230(1)
Evaluating Solutions or Alternatives 230(1)
Challenges to Competent Decision Making 231(1)
Causes of Groupthink 231(1)
Concurrence Seeking and Decision Making 232(1)
Overcoming Challenges to Competence 233(4)
Stimulating Divergent Thinking 234(1)
Initiating Convergent Thinking 235(2)
Chapter Summary 237(1)
Study and Review 238(6)
Leadership in Small Groups: Challenges and 244(30)
Overcoming Them
Knowing How to Lead Groups 247(6)
Understanding Leadership 247(3)
Close-Up on Gender: A Feminine 250(2)
Advantage?
Leadership and Change 252(1)
Group Conflict 253(3)
Conflict Management Styles 256
Challenges to Leadership 253(6)
Managing Leadership Challenges 259(7)
Creating a Supportive Group Climate 259(2)
Explaining Positions 261(3)
Framing the Issue 264(2)
Chapter Summary 266(1)
Study and Review 267(4)
Leadership Competence Skills Grid 271(3)
PART FOUR Public Speaking 274(124)
Speech Preparation: Building Knowledge 274(38)
Rhetoric and Public Speaking 276(2)
The Greek Period 276(1)
The Roman Period 276(2)
What Is Public Speaking? 278(2)
Types of Speeches 278(1)
Types of Delivery 278(2)
Preparing with Competence 280(1)
Analyzing the Audience and Situation 280(7)
Analyzing the Audience 280(4)
Close-Up on Diversity: Analyzing and 284(2)
Adapting to a Diverse Audience
Analyzing the Situation 286(1)
Choosing and Narrowing a Topic 287(1)
Finding a Good Topic 287(1)
Adapting and Narrowing the Topic 287(1)
Developing a Speech Purpose and Thesis 288(1)
Statement
General Purpose 288(1)
Specific Purpose 288(1)
Thesis Statement 289(1)
Gathering Support Materials 289(7)
Personal Observations, Experiences, and 290(1)
Interviews
Using the Internet 290(3)
Evaluating Internet Sources 293(1)
Using the Library 293(3)
Support Materials and Critical Thinking 296(1)
Organizing and Outlining 296(10)
Close-Up on Critical Thinking: Thinking 297(1)
Critically during Speech Preparation
Organizational Patterns 297(1)
Basics of Outlining 298(1)
Types of Outlines 299(2)
Introduction 301(4)
Body of the Speech 305(1)
Conclusion 305(1)
Chapter Summary 306(1)
Study and Review 306(6)
Speech Presentation: Developing Skills 312(34)
Presenting with Competence and Credibility 314(2)
Becoming a Credible Speaker 315(1)
Becoming a Competent Presenter 315(1)
Using Words 316(5)
Clarity 316(1)
Vividness 317(2)
Appropriateness 319(2)
Using Your Voice 321(3)
Rate 321(1)
Close-Up on Diversity: Language in a 322(1)
Multicultural World
Pitch 323(1)
Volume 323(1)
Public Voice and Private Voice 324(1)
Speaking Correctly and Appropriately 324(3)
Pronunciation 325(1)
Articulation 325(1)
Grammar 326(1)
Using Nonverbal Cues 327(3)
Appearance 327(1)
Posture and Body Movement 327(1)
Gestures 328(1)
Facial Expression 329(1)
Eye Contact 329(1)
Using Presentational Aids 330(7)
Types of Aids 330(4)
Methods of Presentation 334(1)
Computerized Aids 335(1)
How-Tos for Presenting with Aids 336(1)
The Challenge of Public Speaking Anxiety 337(1)
Overcoming Public Speaking Anxiety 338(2)
Systematic Desensitization 339(1)
Cognitive Modification 339(1)
Goal Setting 339(1)
Chapter Summary 340(1)
Study and Review 341(5)
Speaking to Inform 346(24)
Understanding the Informative Speech 348(3)
What Is an Informative Speech? 348(2)
Why Do You Need Informative Speaking 350(1)
Skills?
Types of Informative Speeches 351(1)
Speaking to Describe 351(1)
Speaking to Explain 351(1)
Speaking to Instruct 352(1)
Organizing and Outlining an Informative 352(5)
Speech
Topic 353(1)
Chronology 354(1)
Space 355(1)
Comparison and Contrast 355(2)
Cause and Effect 357(1)
Using Support Materials to Inform 357(5)
Definitions and Descriptions 358(1)
Examples 359(1)
Stories 359(1)
Testimonies and Quotations 360(1)
Facts and Statistics 360(2)
Close-Up on Ethics: Ethics and 362(1)
Informative Speaking
Ethics and Informative Speaking 362(1)
Final Suggestions for Informative Speaking 362(1)
Chapter Summary 363(1)
Study and Review 364(6)
Speaking to Persuade 370(28)
Understanding the Persuasive Speech 372(4)
Why Do You Need Persuasive Speaking 372(1)
Skills?
Types of Persuasive Speeches 373(3)
Making Your Arguments Persuasive 376(4)
Logical Appeals 376(2)
Emotional Appeals 378(1)
Credibility Appeals 379(1)
Organizing and Outlining a Persuasive 380(6)
Speech
Problem-Solution Organization 380(1)
Motivated Sequence 381(4)
Refuting the Opponent 385(1)
Comparing Alternatives 385(1)
Reasoning Logically 386(2)
Close-Up on Ethics: Ethics and Speaking 387(1)
to Persuade
Ethics and Persuasive Public Speaking 388(1)
Chapter Summary 388(1)
Study and Review 389(7)
Public Speaking Presentation Competence 396(2)
Skills Grid
PART FIVE Communication Competence in a 398(53)
Mediated World
Computer-Mediated Communication 393(31)
What Is Computer-Mediated Communication 400(3)
Competence?
Characteristics of Computer-Mediated 401(2)
Communication
The Importance of Computer-Mediated 403(2)
Communication
The Extent of Mediated Communication 404(1)
Information Haves and Have-Nots 404(1)
Close-Up on Technology: The Dark Side 405(1)
of CMC
The Computer-Mediated Communication 405(8)
Competence Model
Motivation 406(1)
Knowledge 407(1)
Skills 407(3)
Context Factors 410(3)
Overcoming Challenges to Mediated 413(2)
Communication
Access 414(1)
Mastery 414(1)
Chapter Summary 415(1)
Study and Review 415(9)
Mass Communication 424(27)
Mass Communication and Media Competence 426(12)
Trends in Mass Communication 426(2)
How Mass Communication Works 428(4)
The Mass Communication Professions 432(1)
Close-Up on Media Effects: What's the 433(5)
Rap on Rap?
Overcoming Challenges to Media Literacy 438(4)
and Competence
Critical Thinking 440(1)
Counterarguing 441(1)
Bias Testing 442(1)
Chapter Summary 442(1)
Study and Review 443(5)
Media Competence Skills Grid 448(3)
Appendix Communication Competence in Interviews 451(16)
Glossary 467(12)
Photo Credits 479(1)
Index 480